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Background
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The early years of the 21st Century gvnet.com/humantrafficking/ CAUTION: There is always a
risk in posting links to external websites.
Some of the following links may possibly lead to websites that present
information that is unsubstantiated or even false. Their authenticity has not been verified
and their content has not been validated. A Blight on the Nation: Slavery in Today's Ron Soodalter, Policy
Innovations For a fairer globalization, Carnegie Council, April 27, 2009 www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/commentary/data/000122 [accessed 20 August 2011] Overwhelmingly, they come on the promise
of a better life, with the opportunity to work and prosper in These people do not represent a
class of poorly paid employees, working at jobs they might not like. They
exist specifically to work, they are unable to leave, and are forced to live
under the constant threat and reality of violence. By definition, they are
slaves. Today, we call it human trafficking, but make no mistake: It is the
slave trade. Modern Day Slavery Veronica Pugin. [accessed 20 August 2011] Beyond the abuse involved in the
commercial trafficking of women and children, human trafficking also entails
all forms of forced labor, debt bondage, coerced domestic labor, and military
conscription of children. Victims of human trafficking do not freely choose
their occupation nor do they prefer it to their former lives; instead, they
have been forced into a situation far worse than they had ever consented to.
A majority of those victimized have little access to education, have a low rate
of economic opportunity, experience a great deal of civil and political
strife, or are migrants. The people in these situations tend to be more
vulnerable to the traps of the traffickers. In many regions of the
Middle East, Africa and Human trafficking is all too real, filmmaker discovers The Baptist Standard, www.baptiststandard.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9124&Itemid=53 [accessed 20 August 2011] Shortly after reading the article,
Dillon and his band played a small town near the The toughest part wasn’t
explaining what most likely was this girl’s fate,
Dillon said. It was watching her decide to take the chance anyway. IOM’s Busatti: We’re fighting
the ugly face of globalization Sunday's Zaman, www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=135410&bolum=8 [accessed 20 August 2011] A CANDLE
IN THE DARK - "Sometimes we feel we are
trying to bring to shore a boat that is at the edge of a waterfall," Busatti says. But he adds that seeing the smiling faces
of the victims after they have been rescued keeps him and his colleagues
going. He says sometimes he feels he cannot take any more when he sees
children and single mothers forced into prostitution, but he adds: "We
are always caught in a paradox. We feel that our help is marginal in
comparison with the size of the evils of this industry. But, of course, it
does not mean we stop assisting.” Body Shopping - Wealthy westerners are
descending upon developing countries to purchase human organs from the poor Mehru Jaffer www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/03/2083 [accessed 20 August 2011] "We don't really know how
many people are trafficked for organs," Scheper-Hughes
says, adding that a conservative estimate of the number of trafficked kidneys
was 15,000 each year. There are 'strong cases' documenting coercion in sale
of organs in Slave Trafficking Alive and Well in 21st Century Dong-A, March 03, 2008 english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=060000&biid=2008030305108 [accessed 20 August 2011] In his contribution to the journal
Foreign Policy, Skinner wrote how rampant human trafficking networks are
around the globe, saying the world now is seeing the largest number of humans
working as slaves in history. Modern slaves are not the
metaphorical expression that laborers in difficult industries use to refer to
the toughness of their jobs. The term refers to more than 10 million people
scattered worldwide forced to work without appropriate compensation or to
repay inherited debt or at gunpoint.
According to the International Labor Organization, 12.3 million people
labor under duress in the world, including an estimated 1.39 million women
who work as sex slaves. Human Trafficking: The Worst Form of Labour Exploitation Signe Damkjaer,
ScandAsia www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=th&news_id=4057 [accessed 20 August 2011] LABOUR EXPLOITATION - Most migrant workers have
chosen to move in order to improve their living conditions. But many are poor
and vulnerable and some get trapped in the migration process or at
destination and end up being exploited and abused, Anders Lisborg
explains. ”It becomes trafficking when middlemen or employers take advantage
of migrant’s vulnerability and sell them to a situation where their rights are
violated. If they for example are not paid, not allowed to
leave the factory or the compound or if they are physically or
psychologically abused.” “When you boil down the words of
UN’s definition of trafficking it is basically about addressing severe labour
exploitation and lack of decent working conditions,in different sectors,” he says “In others
words, whenever you can talk about migrant workers being forced or
tricked into severe exploitation at the worksite or during tansportation – then it is basically a case of
trafficking.” However, this does not mean that
everybody have the same requisites and the same choices. “We know that the
world in reality is not as fair as we would like it to be.” The important
thing is that people can chose what to do and what
not to do. And have the option to say stop,” he says. Victims Of A Hidden Population - Human Trafficking Annalise Kempen, Servamus Safety and Security Magazine, 04 March 2008 www.servamus.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=109&Itemid=9 [accessed 20 August 2011] "You refuse to do it, but in
the end you have to accept reality. You can run away, but where do you run
to? You want to talk, but who do you talk to? You are totally confused."
This was the plight of a young Nigerian girl who had been trafficked to Unbearable to the human heart Trafficking in children and
action to combat it [DOC] International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ILO-IPEC, March 2002 white.oit.org.pe/ipec/boletin/documentos/trafico_eng.doc [accessed 20 August 2011] ROOT CAUSES OF CHILD TRAFFICKING - There are many reasons why child trafficking
occurs, but it is overwhelmingly a demand-driven phenomenon. It occurs first and foremost because there
is a market for children in labour and in the sex trade, and this is matched
by an abundant supply of children, most often from poor families, who are
easy prey for those who seek to make a profit by exploiting their
vulnerability. Complementing the forces of supply
and demand that underlie trafficking are the infrastructure and trends
associated with a rapidly globalizing world: increasingly open borders,
better transport, and increased overall migration flows. Globalization has provided impetus to both
those who wish to migrate and those who traffic the unwilling. In 2000, the
United Nations estimated that almost 13 million people, or 2 per cent of the
world population, are on the move at any given time. Human Rights Watch’s Statement to the IOM Council Human Rights Watch (observer status), International
Organization for Migration IOM Governing Council, 27-30 November 2007 (94th
Session) www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2007/11/29/17437_txt.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO MANAGING
MIGRATION - Contrary
to popular belief, human trafficking should not be understood necessarily or
exclusively as an underground phenomenon run by criminal syndicates. Instead,
trafficking often results from inadequate or faulty government policies that
place certain groups of migrants and workers at greater risk of abuse and
with little hope for redress. Anti-trafficking efforts must target and reform
these policies. For example, poor regulation and monitoring of recruitment
agents leads many migrants to become heavily indebted or deceived about
working conditions. Sponsorship visas in the Middle East and Protecting the Innocent: Reducing Vulnerability to Human
Trafficking in West and African Press Organization APO, [accessed 20 August 2011] INNOCENCE
LOST - Human
trafficking is a global problem. But q
Children - drugged, coerced, and forced to carry guns almost as big as
themselves - become killers, child soldiers on the frontlines of savage
conflicts (for example in Congo, Liberia, or Sierra Leone); q
Boys, with stones tied around their ankles, are forced to dive into
dangerous waters to untangle nets (like on q
Girls, caught up in conflict, are forced into sex slavery; q
Children, who should be at school, are working long hours in coco
fields or in mines (even here in This has an impact far beyond the
trauma suffered by these children. For how can Trafficking: return of the ‘white slavery’ scare? Brendan O'Neill, Editor, Spiked, 31 January 2008 www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/4389/ [accessed 20 August 2011] In recent years, a motley crew of
government and police forces in The evidence for these sinister
claims is murky indeed. No one doubts that illegal immigration is a messy
business. Migrants from some Eastern European countries and from Africa are
denied free movement around Literary Happenings: Book details human trafficking in
world Jo Ellen Heil, www.vcstar.com/news/2007/nov/18/book-details-human-trafficking-in-world/ [accessed 20 August 2011] "Not for Filled with victims' stories,
reformers' struggles, political trends and opportunities for individual
involvement, "Not for MODERN-DAY SLAVERY - Important Information About
Trafficking in Persons Vital Voices Global Partnership, [accessed 20 August 2011] ABSTRACT: What is trafficking in persons?
Trafficking in persons is the illegal trade in human beings, through
abduction, the use or threat of force, deception, fraud or “sale” for the
purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labor. This horrific human rights
violation is modern-day slavery. 800,000 to 900,000 people are trafficked
every year. 20,000 end up in slavery right here in the Who's afraid of ... human trafficking? Nathalie Rothschild, commissioning editor, Spiked, 10 July
2007 www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/3580 [accessed 20 August 2011] Nathalie Rothschild says the
promiscuous use of the term ‘trafficking’ to describe migration across
borders is leading to new and stringent restrictions on free movement around
the world. Task Force Battles Human Trafficking The Point Newspaper, 24th August 2005 -- Compiled by Ebrima Sawaneh With the
Courtesy of the American Embassy in archive.thepoint.gm/For%20the%20records1.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] It's important to establish
the difference between human smuggling and human trafficking. Smuggling
is when people pay to be taken across the border illegally. Trafficking, on
the other hand, goes a lot further. In many cases, victims of human
trafficking are detained against their will and forced into slave labor. "Once the victims arrive in
the The New Global Slave Trade Ethan B. Kapstein, Foreign
Affairs, The Council on Foreign Relations, November/December 2006 www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62094/ethan-b-kapstein/the-new-global-slave-trade [accessed 20 August 2011] Most people think of slavery as a
purely historical phenomenon. In fact, the practice thrives around the world
today. The same factors that contribute to economic globalization have given
rise to a booming international traffic in human beings, often with the
connivance of national governments. Fighting this scourge successfully will
take more than another UN treaty: Western nations must use their military
might. Global solution needed to eradicate human trafficking,
says expert Micheline R. Millar, Pinoy
Press, www.pinoypress.net/2007/07/09/global-solution-needed-to-eradicate-human-trafficking-says-expert/ [accessed 20 August 2011] Heyzer traced the dramatic growth in
migration and trafficking flows to so-called “push and pull” factors. Push
factors would include uneven economic growth, war and armed conflict, natural
disasters, high levels of gender inequality, and family violence. Prosperity
and stability in medium and high growth countries and regions act as pull
factors creating increased demand for imported labor in what Heyzer termed as the “global workplace.” Migrant workers are cast under two
categories: highly skilled professionals demanded by the new global economy
and technologies; and the much larger group composed of semi-skilled and
unskilled workers willing to take low wages, insecurity and dangerous work,
said Heyzer. ILO estimates 218m child labourers
in world Daily Times, www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\06\12\story_12-6-2007_pg7_42 [accessed 20 August 2011] “Unfortunately, most of the
national actors where the problem of bonded labour prevails have neither the
technical capacity nor the political will to effectively address a problem of
such a magnitude. Governments must focus on children in bondage,” stated
SPARC National Manager-Promotion Fazila Gulrez. She said there were three types of
bonded labourers, adding, “The
first is when a child inherits a debt carried by his/her parents. Another
form of bonded labour occurs when a child is used as collateral for a loan.
Finally, a child worker may enter into bondage when the parents request an
advance on future wages they expect to earn.” A Report on Debt Bondage, Carpet-Making, and Child Slavery Swathi Mehta, [accessed 20 August 2011] OVERVIEW - In Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Dr. Kevin
Bales estimates that there are at least 27 million slaves in the world today
– more than at any other time in human history. Slavery is on the rise around
the world for the simple reason that unpaid, forced labor constitutes an
excellent (though brutal) means to economic profit. For callous businessmen,
slaves are disposable people who toil to meet the global market’s demand for
goods. The lower a good’s production costs, the more competitive it will be
on the global market. Sex Trafficking Victims: Disposable or Human Janice Shaw Crouse, Townhall.com, 7/11/2007 townhall.com/columnists/janiceshawcrouse/2007/07/11/sex_trafficking_victims_disposable_or_human [accessed 20 August 2011] There are those who would argue
that human trafficking is the inevitable outcome of poverty and that some
poverty-stricken people choose willingly to be involved. But, as Ambassador Lagon pointed out, “There is a growing refusal to accept
enslavement as an inevitable product of poverty or human viciousness. Corruption
is typically poverty’s handmaiden in cases of human trafficking.” Russian Mob and Human Trafficking Jim Kouri, RenewAmerica,
July 18, 2005 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kouri/050719 [accessed 20 August 2011] From Himalayan villages to Eastern
European cities, people -- especially women and girls -- are attracted by the
prospect of a well-paid job as a domestic servant, waitress or factory
worker. Human traffickers recruit victims through fake advertisements,
mail-order bride catalogues and casual acquaintances. Upon arrival at their
destination, victims are placed in conditions controlled by traffickers while
they are exploited to earn illicit revenues. Many are physically confined,
their travel or identity documents are taken away and they or their families
are threatened if they do not cooperate. Women and girls forced to work as
prostitutes are blackmailed by the threat that traffickers will tell their
families. Trafficked children are dependent on their traffickers for food,
shelter and other basic necessities. Traffickers also play on victims’ fears
that authorities in a strange country will prosecute or deport them if they
ask for help. A major purveyor of these de facto slaves is the Russian
organized crime syndicate. Brutal, cunning and ruthless, these 21st Century
mobsters present a new threat to Slavery: A Worldwide Evil - From India to Charles Jacobs, President, American Anti-Slavery Group [accessed 20 August 2011] In 1993, Abdul Momen
traveled to the town of Tungipara, 25 miles from
Bangladesh's capital, Dhaka, where 1,000 children, mostly girls, were
reported missing. A dozen mothers told him the same tale: Their children had
left with labor contractors who promised good jobs in the Guarding Jesse Sage, Former Associate Director, American Anti-Slavery
Group, Published by the [accessed 20 August 2011] Dawn explained that a couple from Fighting Slavery in 2006 - The long
war ahead against human trafficking Bryan Collinsworth, Field
Report, Campus Progress, July 27, 2006 campusprogress.org/articles/fighting_slavery_in_2006 [accessed 20 August 2011] MODERN-DAY SLAVERY - The most common stories are of young
women and girls who are lured from poverty-stricken places with promises of
work as servants or nannies, only to find themselves turned into shut-in sex
slaves in alien countries where, even if they do escape, the authorities are
often inaccessible to them. There are also men and boys, offered well-paying
labor in faraway locations, only to be told when they arrive that they must
work off the (previously unmentioned) costs of their transportation, and that
their passports, wages, and freedom will be withheld until they do. Different forms of human slavery Barbara Kralis, RenewAmerica, July 20, 2006 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kralis/060720 [accessed 20 August 2011] Despite centuries of struggle,
slavery has not been eradicated from our world. Slavery is readily found on
the farms of Slavery thrives in the rug loom
sheds of Nepal; the sex-slavery brothels of Manila, Thailand, Japan and the
U.S.; the water-carrier chattel in Mauritania; the charcoal-making camps of
Brazil; child prostitution in Ecuador; and child camel-jockey riding for the
wealthy Sheikhs in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar. Migrant trafficking exists for
sexual labor throughout visa-free Canadian borders and into the U.S.A.
Slavery exists in the garment manufacturing sweatshops of Los Angeles and New
York, in the numerous sex clubs of St. Paul and Minneapolis, or domestic
servitude in the wealthiest homes in Paris, London, Los Angeles and
Washington, D.C., just to name a few. 21st Century slavery Barbara Kralis, RenewAmerica, July 18, 2006 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kralis/060718 [accessed 20 August 2011] MORE SLAVES NOW THAN EVER - Today, 21st century slavery has
changed a little from Solzhenitsyn's 1974 portrayal. The numbers and profits
have increased, as well as the clandestine methods of human
trafficking--moving victims from one location to another and still to
another. According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], human
trafficking alone generates a staggering $9.5 billion in yearly revenues
worldwide. The International Labour Office [ILO] estimates that figure to be
$32 billion each year. Moreover, there are more slaves today than any other time
in human history. Worldwide estimates are that 27 million men, women, and
children, even babies, are in slavery today, at any given time, a number much
greater than any other period in recorded history and exponentially growing. Our Children Used - Part 2: Enslaved and Forgotten Mark P. Denee, The Real Truth,
March 10, 2004 www.realtruth.org/articles/227-ocu.html [accessed 20 August 2011] Many believe that the future is
bright for our children. And yet, many children of this world are enslaved,
trafficked, and forgotten. Here is the tragic reality of the loss of
innocence. Vigilance Needed in Fight Against Human Trafficking Hediana Utarti
and Kavitha Sreeharsha,
New news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=7cff91dbcbc45f06a8a6d7b69538f010 [accessed 20 August 2011] All of the media stories depict
sex trafficking. Sex trafficking, however, is only one of the many types of
human trafficking that violates a person's rights, safety, and dignity. Human
trafficking also refers to the ways people are recruited and then forced into
labor such as factory work, agricultural work, domestic servitude, restaurant
work, and servile marriage. More than 12 million are trapped
in forced labor worldwide. ILO releases major new study on forced labor International Labor Organization ILO, www.worldhunger.org/articles/05/global/forced_labor_ilo.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] The report is the most
comprehensive analysis ever undertaken by an intergovernmental organization
of the facts and underlying causes of contemporary forced labor. It was
prepared under the Follow Up to the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work adopted by the ILO in 1998 and will be discussed at the
Organization's annual International Labor Conference in June. The new study confirms that forced
labor is a major global problem that is present in all regions and in all
types of economy. Of the overall total, some 9.5 million forced laborers are
in Asia, which is the region with the highest number; 1.3 million in Latin
America and the Caribbean; 660,000 in sub-Saharan Africa; 260,000 in the
Middle East and Trafficking in the Alison Phinney, prepared for the
Inter-American Commission of Women (Organization of American States) and the
Women, Health and Development Program (Pan American Health Organization) www.paho.org/english/hdp/hdw/traffickingPaper.pdf [accessed 20 August 2011] The trafficking of women and
children for sexual exploitation is a high-profit, low-risk trade for those
who organize it, but it is detrimental to the millions of women and children
exploited in slavery-like conditions in the global sex industry. This trade,
which UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan
has called an outrage and a worldwide plague, is conducted throughout the
world with near impunity, in many cases carrying penalties far less severe
than drug trafficking. Though people often associate it with Eastern Europe
or Asia, there is mounting evidence that the trafficking of women and
children for sexual exploitation, with its concomitant human rights abuses
and health consequences, is a significant problem in the Americas—one that
promises to worsen unless collective action is taken. This paper is an
introduction to trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons: the New Protocol UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, 2006 At one time this article had been archived and may
possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 20 August 2011] Every year hundreds of thousands of
men, women and children are trafficked illegally all over the world. Most of
us assume that these people are willing participants in a criminal
transaction. We believe that they are simply looking for an escape from
poverty. Rarely do we pause to think about the specific problems they
encounter when they are being smuggled or what happens to them afterwards.
The reality reflects a very different picture Draft United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, Press Kit Fact Sheets
No1, DPI/2088/D, March 2000 www.un.org/events/10thcongress/draft.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] [scroll down] DRAFT PROTOCOL AGAINST TRAFFICKING
IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN
- As trafficking in persons, especially women and children for forced labour
or "sex slavery", becomes increasingly linked to transnational
organized crime, Governments have decided that a separate legal instrument -a
Protocol against Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children- is
needed to fight it. U.N. anti-trafficking drive hits culture barriers humantrafficking.org, May 17, 2007 -- Adapted from: Mark
Heinrich, "U.N. Anti-Trafficking Drive Hits Culture Barriers",
Reuters, 23 April 2007 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/639 [accessed 20 August 2011] Global efforts to crack down on
human trafficking are handicapped by lack of information from countries whose
cultures have not deemed some forms of slavery to be a crime, U.N. officials
said on Monday. The United Nations is
trying to raise awareness that two centuries after the transatlantic slave
trade was abolished, millions of adults and children are sold into
prostitution or made to work in degrading conditions for little or no pay. Costa told a news briefing during
a break in the meeting: "When families (in Asian villages) sell their
daughter, it's not out of poverty necessarily, it may be cultural." A diplomat close to the UNODC said
its campaign was running up against cultural traditions in some significant
developing nations that tolerated human trafficking and related slave labour
outlawed by U.N. conventions. Trafficking In Women and Children Judge Nimfa Cuesta
Vilches, Branch 48 Regional Trial Court of Manila www.racematters.org/traffickinginwomenchildren.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] ACTS OF
TRAFFICKING - The
following are deemed acts of trafficking committed either by a person or an
entity when done for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage:
(a) to recruit, transport, transfer, harbor, provide or receive a person on
the pretext of domestic or overseas employment, training or apprenticeship;
(b) introduce or match for a consideration any Filipino woman to a foreign
national for marriage for the purpose of trading her for prostitution; (c)
offer or contract marriage; (d) undertake or organize tours and travel plans;
(e) maintain or hire a person; and, (f) adopt or facilitate adoption. Any undue recruitment, hiring, adoption,
and movement of persons and children for removal or sale of organs or for the
children to engage in armed activities in the The Link Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking [PDF] digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffdata/38/ [accessed 20 August 2011] Prostitution and related
activities—including pimping and patronizing or maintaining brothels—fuel the
growth of modern-day slavery by providing a façade behind which traffickers
for sexual exploitation operate. Trafficking: A Threat to Women Worldwide Refugees International, 2004 www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/1374/ [Last access date unavailable] “Trafficking.” It’s a bland
euphemism for a despicable crime committed primarily against women and
children. It involves the theft and sale of human beings into lives of
bondage, sexual abuse or both. Trafficking and the Commodification
of Women and Children Prof. Richard Poulin, sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965 [accessed 20 August 2011] by Richard Poulin,
professor, Stolen Lives: Trafficking of women - The first
thing they lose is their freedom. Then they're subjected to violence to make
them submit Lory Hough, www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/03.10/09-traffick.html [accessed 20 August 2011] Gathering for what moderator Swanee Hunt, director of the Women and Public Policy
Program, called a "grim subject," a group of experts met in the
Kennedy School Forum to talk about the trafficking of women and girls
worldwide and what, if anything, can be done to stop it Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution Prof. Janice G. Raymond, Professor Emerita
of Women’s Studies and Medical Ethics at the University of Massachusetts in
Amherst, Sisyphe, 4 May 2003 sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=691 [accessed 20 August 2011] by Janice
G. Raymond. As countries are considering
legalizing and decriminalizing the sex industry, this article urges you to
consider the ways in which legitimating prostitution as "work" does
not empower the women in prostitution but does everything to strengthen the
sex industry Prostitution: Reality Versus Myth Hilary Sunghee Seo, The At one time this article had been archived and may
possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 20 August 2011] There are many myths about
prostitution _ that women become rich from prostitution; that women
prostitute themselves to support expensive habits; that it is a job like any other;
that it could even be a harmless, part time job for college girls wanting to
earn tuition; or that women do it because they like it. These myths could not be further from the
violent reality of prostitution. Child Soldiers Editor: John K. Roth, Ethics,
Revised Edition, salempress.com/Store/samples/ethics_revised/ethics_revised_child_soldiers.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] In 2003, an estimated 500,000
children under eighteen years of age served in the government armed forces,
paramilitary forces, civil militia, and armed groups of more than eighty-five
nations, and another 300,000 children were active in armed combat in more
than thirty countries. Some of the children were as young as seven years of
age Millions 'forced into slavery' BBC News, 27 May, 2002 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm [accessed 20 August 2011] Between 5,000 and 14,000 people
are said by the group to have been abducted into forced labour in Human
trafficking from Iran to Gulf Shiekhdoms Shargh daily, May 26, 2004 activistchat.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=2551 [accessed 20 August 2011] Shargh daily, May 26 – A group of
Iranian boys and girls will be sold in an auction today in Dispatches from the World of Human Trafficking Jennifer Goodson, Jul 28th, 2005 www.jordoncooper.com/2005/07/28/the-opposite-of-free-love/ [accessed 20 August 2011] The social workers and I climbed
carefully up a narrow stairwell to a residence hall about as wide as a
balcony on a cheap hotel. Dogs that seemed drugged lay in our path. The smell
of urine choked the air. I was introduced to Cybi,
who pays 35 rupees (71 cents) a day for a bed in a small room with several
other men, women, and children. She is required to have sex with at least ten
clients a day. On festivals and holidays, the number is more likely to be
twenty. The day we arrived, she found out
that she had AIDS. Child Labor Rules Don't Ease Burden in Evelyn Iritani, The articles.latimes.com/2003/may/04/business/fi-bangladesh4 [accessed 20 August 2011] Under the association's program,
designed in 1995 at the urging of the How can something so sweet taste so wrong? Athena Sydney www.ritro.com/sections/worldaffairs/story.bv?storyid=0000000002530 [access date unavailable] Forty-three percent of the cocoa
used in chocolate comes from Leonora, “P” and the human traffickers Voice of www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=1&article=20994 [accessed 20 August 2011] On the other hand, “P”s older brother is perceived as the personification of
success despite the fact that a whole dark world is hidden behind his
external dignity. He was forced into human trafficking during his tender
years and later decided to become a trafficker himself. He returned to
the village to perform a most valuable service for his ringleaders. He
is now the local recruiter for the new victims of the human trade, those that
are needed to meet the growing demand. "Modern day slavery". Prostitution in 2003-07-30 www.sciaga.pl/tekst/16435-17-modern_day_slavery_prostitution_in_thailand/ [accessed 20 August 2011] To every one of us being a child
means playing, laughing, eating ice cream, being surrounded with loving and
caring parents. For children in What is Human Trafficking? The Salvation Army [accessed 20 August 2011] Human trafficking (also referred
to as trafficking in persons or TIP) is an umbrella term used to describe the
process by which millions of people become enslaved each year. Each year millions of human beings
are subjected to the trafficking process and find themselves
exploited in settings such as brick kilns, sweatshops, chicken farms, cocoa
plantations, mines, fisheries, rock quarries, or for compulsory participation
in public works or military service, as well as a variety of other settings.
Countless others, predominately women and female children, but also boys, are
trafficked into the commercial sex industry where they are used in forms of
commercial sexual exploitation like prostitution, pornography, and nude
dancing. Some are sold as "brides." Trafficking in persons is
frequently referred to as modern-day slavery. Slavery is an apt analogy that
shocks and challenges us. Americans in particular are moved by this
comparison. To us, slavery is a sordid, indelible stain on our national heritage,
but nevertheless it is an evil most believe we conquered and relegated to the
history books. However, news media accounts, on-the-ground intelligence from
nongovernmental organizations, and reports from agencies the U.S. Department
of State and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
create a different picture. They reveal the inescapable truth that
trafficking is one of the principle means by which slavery survives. The size and pervasiveness of the
crime presents a formidable problem, but we fight on despite the odds.
Accordingly, the Salvation Army has established this website to educate and
equip people desiring to engage in this battle against the exploitation and
dehumanization of human beings. Human Trafficking for Forced Labor Might Exceed Perception Global March International, www.globalmarch.org/news/260407.php [accessed 20 August 2011] Human trafficking for forced labor
might be a greater problem than the more widely known problem of trafficking
for sexual exploitation, says Kristiina Kangaspunta, the chief of the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit
for the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) “We don’t know that much about
forced labor issues,” she acknowledged in an April 26 interview with
USINFO. “We don’t know, but it seems that it might be that forced
labor is a bigger part of the human trafficking than human trafficking for
sexual exploitation.” She cited an enormous number of places that could
absorb the forced labor of men, women and children: restaurants,
hotels, bars, agriculture, domestic and construction work. Interpol Official Discusses Human Trafficking, Internet
Pornography Eugen Tomiuc,
Radio Free Europe/Radio www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2003/05/sec-030514-rfel-142137.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] Interview with Hamish McCulloch,
the assistant director of Interpol and the head of the agency's
human-trafficking sub-directorate. He also discusses the problems of both
trafficking and child pornography on the Internet Best Practices to Address the
Demand Side of Sex Trafficking [PDF] Prof. Donna M. Hughes, www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand_sex_trafficking.pdf [accessed 20 August 2011] This report describes efforts to
address the demand side of sex trafficking. It defines the demand and
describes its different components. It describes laws, policies, and programs
aimed at reducing the demand for prostitution in communities and entire
countries. It includes a review of
research on men’s behavior and attitudes towards prostitution and researchers’
analyses of men’s behavior and motives to purchase sex acts US decries 'modern-day slavery' BBC News, 12 July, 2001 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1436329.stm [accessed 20 August 2011] Victims worldwide "are
subjected to threats against their person and family, violence, horrific
living conditions and dangerous workplaces," the report says. They end up working as cheap labour, some
on construction sites, others in clothing factories and many in brothels. US Secretary of State Colin Powell
called the practice an "abomination against humanity" and said The Myth of the Migrant Kerry Howley, Reason Magazine,
December 26, 2007 reason.com/archives/2007/12/26/the-myth-of-the-migrant [accessed 20 August 2011] reason: What do you make of the State
Department's claim that 800,000 people are trafficked each year? Agustín: Numbers like this are fabricated
by defining trafficking in an extremely broad way to take in enormous numbers
of people. The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons is using
the widest possible definition, which assumes that any woman who sells
sex could not really want to, and, if she crossed a national border, she was
forced. The numbers are egregious partly
because the research is cross-cultural. The reason: Is there a legitimate core of
abuses that need to be addressed? Agustín: Some conscientious people talk
about trafficking as applicable to men, transsexuals, or anyone you like, no
matter what kind of work they do, when things go very wrong during a
migration. When migrants are charged egregious amounts of money they can't possibly
pay back, for example. However, we've reached the point in this cultural
madness where most people mean specifically women who sell sex
when they use the word "trafficking." They usually mean women
working inside brothels. reason: So there is an attempt to
conflate the terms prostitution and trafficking? Agustín: There is a definite effort to
conflate the terms in a stream of feminism I call "fundamentalist
feminism." These feminists believe there is a single definition of
Woman, and that sexual experience is key to a woman's life, soul, self-definition. This particular group has tried to say
that prostitution is not only by definition exploitation but is
trafficking. It's bizarre but they are maintaining that. |