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Background
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The early years of
the 21st Century gvnet.com/humantrafficking/ CAUTION:
There is always a risk in posting links to external websites. Some of the following links may possibly
lead to websites that present information that is unsubstantiated or even
false. Their authenticity has not been
verified and their content has not been validated. A Blight on the Nation: Slavery in Today's Ron Soodalter, Policy Innovations For a
fairer globalization, Carnegie Council, April 27, 2009 www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/commentary/data/000122 [accessed 20 August 2011] Overwhelmingly,
they come on the promise of a better life, with the opportunity to work and
prosper in These people do not
represent a class of poorly paid employees, working at jobs they might not
like. They exist specifically to work, they are unable to leave, and are
forced to live under the constant threat and reality of violence. By
definition, they are slaves. Today, we call it human trafficking, but make no
mistake: It is the slave trade. Modern Day Slavery Veronica Pugin. [accessed 20 August 2011] Beyond the abuse
involved in the commercial trafficking of women and children, human
trafficking also entails all forms of forced labor, debt bondage, coerced
domestic labor, and military conscription of children. Victims of human
trafficking do not freely choose their occupation nor do they prefer it to
their former lives; instead, they have been forced into a situation far worse
than they had ever consented to. A majority of those victimized have little
access to education, have a low rate of economic opportunity, experience a
great deal of civil and political strife, or are migrants. The people in
these situations tend to be more vulnerable to the traps of the
traffickers. In many regions of the Middle East, Africa and Human trafficking is all too real,
filmmaker discovers The Baptist Standard, www.baptiststandard.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9124&Itemid=53 [accessed 20 August 2011] Shortly after
reading the article, Dillon and his band played a small town near the The toughest part
wasn’t explaining what most likely was this girl’s fate,
Dillon said. It was watching her decide to take the chance anyway. IOM’s Busatti: We’re fighting the ugly face
of globalization Sunday's Zaman, www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=135410&bolum=8 [accessed 20 August 2011] A CANDLE IN THE DARK - "Sometimes we
feel we are trying to bring to shore a boat that is at the edge of a
waterfall," Busatti says. But he adds that seeing the smiling faces of
the victims after they have been rescued keeps him and his colleagues going.
He says sometimes he feels he cannot take any more when he sees children and
single mothers forced into prostitution, but he adds: "We are always
caught in a paradox. We feel that our help is marginal in comparison with the
size of the evils of this industry. But, of course, it does not mean we stop
assisting.” Body Shopping - Wealthy westerners are descending upon developing countries to purchase
human organs from the poor Mehru Jaffer www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/03/2083 [accessed 20 August 2011] "We don't
really know how many people are trafficked for organs," Scheper-Hughes
says, adding that a conservative estimate of the number of trafficked kidneys
was 15,000 each year. There are 'strong cases' documenting coercion in sale
of organs in Slave Trafficking Alive and Well in 21st
Century Dong-A, March 03, 2008 english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=060000&biid=2008030305108 [accessed 20 August 2011] In his contribution
to the journal Foreign Policy, Skinner wrote how rampant human trafficking
networks are around the globe, saying the world now is seeing the largest
number of humans working as slaves in history. Modern slaves are
not the metaphorical expression that laborers in difficult industries use to
refer to the toughness of their jobs. The term refers to more than 10 million
people scattered worldwide forced to work without appropriate compensation or
to repay inherited debt or at gunpoint.
According to the International Labor Organization, 12.3 million people
labor under duress in the world, including an estimated 1.39 million women
who work as sex slaves. Human Trafficking: The Worst Form of Labour
Exploitation Signe Damkjaer, ScandAsia www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=th&news_id=4057 [accessed 20 August 2011] LABOUR EXPLOITATION - Most migrant
workers have chosen to move in order to improve their living conditions. But
many are poor and vulnerable and some get trapped in the migration process or
at destination and end up being exploited and abused, Anders Lisborg
explains. ”It becomes trafficking when middlemen or employers take advantage
of migrant’s vulnerability and sell them to a situation where their rights are
violated. If they for example are not paid, not allowed to
leave the factory or the compound or if they are physically or
psychologically abused.” “When you boil down
the words of UN’s definition of trafficking it is basically about addressing
severe labour exploitation and lack of decent working conditions,in different sectors,” he says “In others words,
whenever you can talk about migrant workers being forced or tricked
into severe exploitation at the worksite or during tansportation – then
it is basically a case of trafficking.” However, this does
not mean that everybody have the same requisites and the same choices. “We
know that the world in reality is not as fair as we would like it to be.” The
important thing is that people can chose what to do
and what not to do. And have the option to say stop,” he says. Victims Of A Hidden Population - Human
Trafficking Annalise Kempen, Servamus Safety and
Security Magazine, 04 March 2008 www.servamus.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=109&Itemid=9 [accessed 20 August 2011] "You refuse to
do it, but in the end you have to accept reality. You can run away, but where
do you run to? You want to talk, but who do you talk to? You are totally
confused." This was the plight of a young Nigerian girl who had been
trafficked to Unbearable to the human heart Trafficking
in children and action to combat it [DOC] International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ILO-IPEC, March 2002 white.oit.org.pe/ipec/boletin/documentos/trafico_eng.doc [accessed 20 August
2011] ROOT CAUSES OF CHILD TRAFFICKING - There are many
reasons why child trafficking occurs, but it is overwhelmingly a
demand-driven phenomenon. It occurs
first and foremost because there is a market for children in labour and in
the sex trade, and this is matched by an abundant supply of children, most
often from poor families, who are easy prey for those who seek to make a
profit by exploiting their vulnerability. Complementing the
forces of supply and demand that underlie trafficking are the infrastructure
and trends associated with a rapidly globalizing world: increasingly open
borders, better transport, and increased overall migration flows. Globalization has provided impetus to both
those who wish to migrate and those who traffic the unwilling. In 2000, the
United Nations estimated that almost 13 million people, or 2 per cent of the
world population, are on the move at any given time. Human Rights Watch’s Statement to the IOM
Council Human Rights Watch (observer status),
International Organization for Migration IOM Governing Council, 27-30
November 2007 (94th Session) www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2007/11/29/17437_txt.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] A RIGHTS-BASED
APPROACH TO MANAGING MIGRATION - Contrary to popular belief, human
trafficking should not be understood necessarily or exclusively as an
underground phenomenon run by criminal syndicates. Instead, trafficking often
results from inadequate or faulty government policies that place certain
groups of migrants and workers at greater risk of abuse and with little hope
for redress. Anti-trafficking efforts must target and reform these policies.
For example, poor regulation and monitoring of recruitment agents leads many
migrants to become heavily indebted or deceived about working conditions.
Sponsorship visas in the Middle East and Protecting the Innocent: Reducing
Vulnerability to Human Trafficking in West and African Press Organization APO, [accessed 20 August 2011] INNOCENCE LOST - Human trafficking is a global problem. But q Children - drugged,
coerced, and forced to carry guns almost as big as themselves - become
killers, child soldiers on the frontlines of savage conflicts (for example in
Congo, Liberia, or Sierra Leone); q Boys, with stones
tied around their ankles, are forced to dive into dangerous waters to
untangle nets (like on q Girls, caught up in
conflict, are forced into sex slavery; q Children, who
should be at school, are working long hours in coco fields or in mines (even
here in This has an impact
far beyond the trauma suffered by these children. For how can Trafficking: return of the ‘white slavery’
scare? Brendan O'Neill, Editor, Spiked, 31 January
2008 www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/4389/ [accessed 20 August 2011] In recent years, a
motley crew of government and police forces in The evidence for
these sinister claims is murky indeed. No one doubts that illegal immigration
is a messy business. Migrants from some Eastern European countries and from
Africa are denied free movement around Human Trafficking Investigations [PDF] UN Department for International Development
UNDP www.prp.org.bd/downloads/THBEnglish.pdf [accessed 27 October 2011] This workbook is
designed to enhance the understanding by police of the issues that relate to
human trafficking in Literary Happenings: Book details human
trafficking in world Jo Ellen Heil, www.vcstar.com/news/2007/nov/18/book-details-human-trafficking-in-world/ [accessed 20 August 2011] "Not for Filled with
victims' stories, reformers' struggles, political trends and opportunities
for individual involvement, "Not for MODERN-DAY SLAVERY - Important Information
About Trafficking in Persons Vital Voices Global Partnership, [accessed 20 August 2011] ABSTRACT: What is
trafficking in persons? Trafficking in persons is the illegal trade in human
beings, through abduction, the use or threat of force, deception, fraud or
“sale” for the purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labor. This horrific
human rights violation is modern-day slavery. 800,000 to 900,000 people are
trafficked every year. 20,000 end up in slavery right here in the Who's afraid of ... human trafficking? Nathalie Rothschild, commissioning editor,
Spiked, 10 July 2007 www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/3580 [accessed 20 August 2011] Nathalie Rothschild
says the promiscuous use of the term ‘trafficking’ to describe migration
across borders is leading to new and stringent restrictions on free movement
around the world. Task Force Battles Human Trafficking The Point Newspaper, 24th August 2005 --
Compiled by Ebrima Sawaneh With the Courtesy of the American Embassy in archive.thepoint.gm/For%20the%20records1.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] It's important to
establish the difference between human smuggling and human trafficking.
Smuggling is when people pay to be taken across the border illegally.
Trafficking, on the other hand, goes a lot further. In many cases,
victims of human trafficking are detained against their will and forced into
slave labor. "Once the
victims arrive in the The New Global Slave Trade Ethan B. Kapstein, Foreign Affairs, The
Council on Foreign Relations, November/December 2006 www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62094/ethan-b-kapstein/the-new-global-slave-trade [accessed 20 August 2011] Most people think
of slavery as a purely historical phenomenon. In fact, the practice thrives
around the world today. The same factors that contribute to economic
globalization have given rise to a booming international traffic in human
beings, often with the connivance of national governments. Fighting this
scourge successfully will take more than another UN treaty: Western nations
must use their military might. Global solution needed to eradicate human
trafficking, says expert Micheline R. Millar, Pinoy Press, www.pinoypress.net/2007/07/09/global-solution-needed-to-eradicate-human-trafficking-says-expert/ [accessed 20 August 2011] Heyzer traced the
dramatic growth in migration and trafficking flows to so-called “push and
pull” factors. Push factors would include uneven economic growth, war and
armed conflict, natural disasters, high levels of gender inequality, and
family violence. Prosperity and stability in medium and high growth countries
and regions act as pull factors creating increased demand for imported labor
in what Heyzer termed as the “global workplace.” Migrant workers are
cast under two categories: highly skilled professionals demanded by the new
global economy and technologies; and the much larger group composed of
semi-skilled and unskilled workers willing to take low wages, insecurity and
dangerous work, said Heyzer. ILO estimates 218m child labourers in world Daily Times, www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\06\12\story_12-6-2007_pg7_42 [accessed 20 August 2011] “Unfortunately,
most of the national actors where the problem of bonded labour prevails have
neither the technical capacity nor the political will to effectively address
a problem of such a magnitude. Governments must focus on children in
bondage,” stated SPARC National Manager-Promotion Fazila Gulrez. She said there were
three types of bonded labourers, adding, “The first
is when a child inherits a debt carried by his/her parents. Another form of
bonded labour occurs when a child is used as collateral for a loan. Finally,
a child worker may enter into bondage when the parents request an advance on
future wages they expect to earn.” A Report on Debt Bondage, Carpet-Making,
and Child Slavery Swathi Mehta, [accessed 20 August 2011] OVERVIEW - In Disposable People: New Slavery in
the Global Economy, Dr. Kevin Bales estimates that there are at
least 27 million slaves in the world today – more than at any other time in
human history. Slavery is on the rise around the world for the simple reason
that unpaid, forced labor constitutes an excellent (though brutal) means to
economic profit. For callous businessmen, slaves are disposable people who
toil to meet the global market’s demand for goods. The lower a good’s
production costs, the more competitive it will be on the global market. Sex Trafficking Victims: Disposable or
Human Janice Shaw Crouse, Townhall.com, 7/11/2007 townhall.com/columnists/janiceshawcrouse/2007/07/11/sex_trafficking_victims_disposable_or_human [accessed 20 August 2011] There are those who
would argue that human trafficking is the inevitable outcome of poverty and
that some poverty-stricken people choose willingly to be involved. But, as
Ambassador Lagon pointed out, “There is a growing refusal to accept
enslavement as an inevitable product of poverty or human viciousness.
Corruption is typically poverty’s handmaiden in cases of human trafficking.” Russian Mob and Human Trafficking Jim Kouri, RenewAmerica, July 18, 2005 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kouri/050719 [accessed 20 August 2011] From Himalayan
villages to Eastern European cities, people -- especially women and girls --
are attracted by the prospect of a well-paid job as a domestic servant,
waitress or factory worker. Human traffickers recruit victims through fake
advertisements, mail-order bride catalogues and casual acquaintances. Upon
arrival at their destination, victims are placed in conditions controlled by
traffickers while they are exploited to earn illicit revenues. Many are
physically confined, their travel or identity documents are taken away and
they or their families are threatened if they do not cooperate. Women and girls
forced to work as prostitutes are blackmailed by the threat that traffickers
will tell their families. Trafficked children are dependent on their
traffickers for food, shelter and other basic necessities. Traffickers also
play on victims’ fears that authorities in a strange country will prosecute
or deport them if they ask for help. A major purveyor of these de facto
slaves is the Russian organized crime syndicate. Brutal, cunning and
ruthless, these 21st Century mobsters present a new threat to Slavery: A Worldwide Evil - From India to Charles Jacobs, President, American
Anti-Slavery Group [accessed 20 August 2011] In 1993, Abdul
Momen traveled to the town of Tungipara, 25 miles from Bangladesh's capital,
Dhaka, where 1,000 children, mostly girls, were reported missing. A dozen
mothers told him the same tale: Their children had left with labor
contractors who promised good jobs in the Guarding Jesse Sage, Former Associate Director,
American Anti-Slavery Group, Published by the [accessed 20 August 2011] Dawn explained that
a couple from Fighting Slavery in 2006 - The long war ahead against human trafficking Bryan Collinsworth, Field Report, Campus
Progress, July 27, 2006 campusprogress.org/articles/fighting_slavery_in_2006 [accessed 20 August 2011] MODERN-DAY SLAVERY - The most common
stories are of young women and girls who are lured from poverty-stricken
places with promises of work as servants or nannies, only to find themselves
turned into shut-in sex slaves in alien countries where, even if they do
escape, the authorities are often inaccessible to them. There are also men
and boys, offered well-paying labor in faraway locations, only to be told
when they arrive that they must work off the (previously unmentioned) costs
of their transportation, and that their passports, wages, and freedom will be
withheld until they do. Different forms of human slavery Barbara Kralis, RenewAmerica, July 20, 2006 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kralis/060720 [accessed 20 August 2011] Despite centuries
of struggle, slavery has not been eradicated from our world. Slavery is
readily found on the farms of Slavery thrives in
the rug loom sheds of Nepal; the sex-slavery brothels of Manila, Thailand,
Japan and the U.S.; the water-carrier chattel in Mauritania; the charcoal-making
camps of Brazil; child prostitution in Ecuador; and child camel-jockey riding
for the wealthy Sheikhs in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and
Qatar. Migrant trafficking
exists for sexual labor throughout visa-free Canadian borders and into the
U.S.A. Slavery exists in the garment manufacturing sweatshops of Los Angeles
and New York, in the numerous sex clubs of St. Paul and Minneapolis, or
domestic servitude in the wealthiest homes in Paris, London, Los Angeles and
Washington, D.C., just to name a few. 21st Century slavery Barbara Kralis, RenewAmerica, July 18, 2006 www.renewamerica.com/columns/kralis/060718 [accessed 20 August 2011] MORE SLAVES NOW THAN
EVER -
Today, 21st century slavery has changed a little from Solzhenitsyn's 1974
portrayal. The numbers and profits have increased, as well as the clandestine
methods of human trafficking--moving victims from one location to another and
still to another. According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation
[FBI], human trafficking alone generates a staggering $9.5 billion in yearly
revenues worldwide. The International Labour Office [ILO] estimates that
figure to be $32 billion each year. Moreover, there are more slaves today
than any other time in human history. Worldwide estimates are that 27 million
men, women, and children, even babies, are in slavery today, at any given
time, a number much greater than any other period in recorded history and
exponentially growing. Our Children Used - Part 2: Enslaved and Forgotten Mark P. Denee, The Real Truth, March 10,
2004 www.realtruth.org/articles/227-ocu.html [accessed 20 August 2011] Many believe that
the future is bright for our children. And yet, many children of this world
are enslaved, trafficked, and forgotten. Here is the tragic reality of the
loss of innocence. Vigilance Needed in Fight Against Human
Trafficking Hediana Utarti and Kavitha Sreeharsha, New news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=7cff91dbcbc45f06a8a6d7b69538f010 [accessed 20 August 2011] All of the media
stories depict sex trafficking. Sex trafficking, however, is only one of the
many types of human trafficking that violates a person's rights, safety, and
dignity. Human trafficking also refers to the ways people are recruited and
then forced into labor such as factory work, agricultural work, domestic
servitude, restaurant work, and servile marriage. More than 12
million are trapped in forced labor worldwide. ILO releases major new study
on forced labor International Labor Organization ILO, www.worldhunger.org/articles/05/global/forced_labor_ilo.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] The report is the
most comprehensive analysis ever undertaken by an intergovernmental
organization of the facts and underlying causes of contemporary forced labor.
It was prepared under the Follow Up to the Declaration on Fundamental
Principles and Rights at Work adopted by the ILO in 1998 and will be
discussed at the Organization's annual International Labor Conference in
June. The new study
confirms that forced labor is a major global problem that is present in all
regions and in all types of economy. Of the overall total, some 9.5 million
forced laborers are in Asia, which is the region with the highest number; 1.3
million in Latin America and the Caribbean; 660,000 in sub-Saharan Africa;
260,000 in the Middle East and Trafficking in
the Alison Phinney, prepared for the
Inter-American Commission of Women (Organization of American States) and the
Women, Health and Development Program (Pan American Health Organization) www.paho.org/english/hdp/hdw/traffickingPaper.pdf [accessed 20 August 2011] The trafficking of
women and children for sexual exploitation is a high-profit, low-risk trade
for those who organize it, but it is detrimental to the millions of women and
children exploited in slavery-like conditions in the global sex industry.
This trade, which UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has called an outrage and a
worldwide plague, is conducted throughout the world with near impunity, in
many cases carrying penalties far less severe than drug trafficking. Though
people often associate it with Eastern Europe or Asia, there is mounting
evidence that the trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation,
with its concomitant human rights abuses and health consequences, is a
significant problem in the Americas—one that promises to worsen unless
collective action is taken. This paper is an introduction to trafficking in
the Trafficking in Persons: the New Protocol UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, 2006 At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 20 August 2011] Every year hundreds
of thousands of men, women and children are trafficked illegally all over the
world. Most of us assume that these people are willing participants in a
criminal transaction. We believe that they are simply looking for an escape
from poverty. Rarely do we pause to think about the specific problems they
encounter when they are being smuggled or what happens to them afterwards.
The reality reflects a very different picture Draft United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime UN Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC, Press
Kit Fact Sheets No1, DPI/2088/D, March 2000 www.un.org/events/10thcongress/draft.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] [scroll down] DRAFT PROTOCOL
AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN - As trafficking in persons, especially
women and children for forced labour or "sex slavery", becomes
increasingly linked to transnational organized crime, Governments have
decided that a separate legal instrument -a Protocol against Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children- is needed to fight it. U.N. anti-trafficking drive hits culture
barriers humantrafficking.org, May 17, 2007 --
Adapted from: Mark Heinrich, "U.N. Anti-Trafficking Drive Hits Culture
Barriers", Reuters, 23 April 2007 www.humantrafficking.org/updates/639 [accessed 20 August 2011] Global efforts to
crack down on human trafficking are handicapped by lack of information from
countries whose cultures have not deemed some forms of slavery to be a crime,
U.N. officials said on Monday. The
United Nations is trying to raise awareness that two centuries after the
transatlantic slave trade was abolished, millions of adults and children are
sold into prostitution or made to work in degrading conditions for little or
no pay. Costa told a news
briefing during a break in the meeting: "When families (in Asian
villages) sell their daughter, it's not out of poverty necessarily, it may be
cultural." A diplomat close to
the UNODC said its campaign was running up against cultural traditions in
some significant developing nations that tolerated human trafficking and
related slave labour outlawed by U.N. conventions. Trafficking In Women and Children Judge Nimfa Cuesta Vilches, Branch 48
Regional Trial Court of Manila www.racematters.org/traffickinginwomenchildren.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] ACTS
OF TRAFFICKING -
The following are deemed acts of trafficking committed either by a person or
an entity when done for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage:
(a) to recruit, transport, transfer, harbor, provide or receive a person on
the pretext of domestic or overseas employment, training or apprenticeship;
(b) introduce or match for a consideration any Filipino woman to a foreign
national for marriage for the purpose of trading her for prostitution; (c)
offer or contract marriage; (d) undertake or organize tours and travel plans;
(e) maintain or hire a person; and, (f) adopt or facilitate adoption. Any undue recruitment, hiring, adoption,
and movement of persons and children for removal or sale of organs or for the
children to engage in armed activities in the The Link Between Prostitution and Sex
Trafficking
[PDF] digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtraffdata/38/ [accessed 20 August 2011] Prostitution and
related activities—including pimping and patronizing or maintaining
brothels—fuel the growth of modern-day slavery by providing a façade behind
which traffickers for sexual exploitation operate. Trafficking: A Threat to Women Worldwide Refugees International, 2004 www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/1374/ [Last access date unavailable] “Trafficking.” It’s
a bland euphemism for a despicable crime committed primarily against women
and children. It involves the theft and sale of human beings into lives of
bondage, sexual abuse or both. Trafficking and the Commodification of
Women and Children Prof. Richard Poulin, sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965 [accessed 20 August 2011] by Richard Poulin,
professor, Stolen Lives: Trafficking of women - The first thing they lose is their freedom. Then they're subjected to
violence to make them submit Lory Hough, www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/03.10/09-traffick.html [accessed 20 August 2011] Gathering for what
moderator Swanee Hunt, director of the Women and Public Policy Program,
called a "grim subject," a group of experts met in the Kennedy
School Forum to talk about the trafficking of women and girls worldwide and
what, if anything, can be done to stop it Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution Prof. Janice G. Raymond, Professor Emerita
of Women’s Studies and Medical Ethics at the University of Massachusetts in
Amherst, Sisyphe, 4 May 2003 sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=691 [accessed 20 August 2011] by
Janice G. Raymond. As countries are
considering legalizing and decriminalizing the sex industry, this article
urges you to consider the ways in which legitimating prostitution as
"work" does not empower the women in prostitution but does
everything to strengthen the sex industry Prostitution: Reality Versus Myth Hilary Sunghee Seo, The At one time this article had been archived
and may possibly still be accessible [here] [accessed 20 August 2011] There are many
myths about prostitution _ that women become rich from prostitution; that
women prostitute themselves to support expensive habits; that it is a job
like any other; that it could even be a harmless, part time job for college
girls wanting to earn tuition; or that women do it because they like it. These myths could not be further from the
violent reality of prostitution. Child Soldiers Editor: John K. Roth, Ethics, Revised Edition, salempress.com/Store/samples/ethics_revised/ethics_revised_child_soldiers.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] In 2003, an
estimated 500,000 children under eighteen years of age served in the
government armed forces, paramilitary forces, civil militia, and armed groups
of more than eighty-five nations, and another 300,000 children were active in
armed combat in more than thirty countries. Some of the children were as
young as seven years of age Millions 'forced into slavery' BBC News, 27 May, 2002 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm [accessed 20 August 2011] Between 5,000 and
14,000 people are said by the group to have been abducted into forced labour
in Human
trafficking from Iran to Gulf Shiekhdoms Shargh daily, May 26, 2004 activistchat.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=2551 [accessed 24 August 2011] A group of Iranian
boys and girls will be sold in an auction today in The human hunters
were able to choose 54 Iranian girls out of the 286 that were put on show in
an Arab country's booth. They were then sent to a Dispatches from the World of Human
Trafficking Jennifer Goodson, Jul 28th, 2005 www.jordoncooper.com/2005/07/28/the-opposite-of-free-love/ [accessed 20 August 2011] The social workers
and I climbed carefully up a narrow stairwell to a residence hall about as
wide as a balcony on a cheap hotel. Dogs that seemed drugged lay in our path.
The smell of urine choked the air. I was introduced to Cybi, who pays 35
rupees (71 cents) a day for a bed in a small room with several other men,
women, and children. She is required to have sex with at least ten clients a
day. On festivals and holidays, the number is more likely to be twenty. The day we arrived,
she found out that she had AIDS. Child Labor Rules Don't Ease Burden in Evelyn Iritani, The articles.latimes.com/2003/may/04/business/fi-bangladesh4 [accessed 20 August 2011] Under the
association's program, designed in 1995 at the urging of the How can something so sweet taste so wrong? Athena Sydney www.ritro.com/sections/worldaffairs/story.bv?storyid=0000000002530 [access date unavailable] Forty-three percent
of the cocoa used in chocolate comes from Leonora, “P” and the human traffickers Voice of www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=1&article=20994 [accessed 20 August 2011] On the other hand,
“P”s older brother is perceived as the personification of success despite the
fact that a whole dark world is hidden behind his external dignity. He
was forced into human trafficking during his tender years and later decided
to become a trafficker himself. He returned to the village to perform a
most valuable service for his ringleaders. He is now the local recruiter
for the new victims of the human trade, those that are needed to meet the
growing demand. "Modern day slavery". Prostitution
in 2003-07-30 www.sciaga.pl/tekst/16435-17-modern_day_slavery_prostitution_in_thailand/ [accessed 20 August 2011] To every one of us
being a child means playing, laughing, eating ice cream, being surrounded
with loving and caring parents. For children in What is Human Trafficking? The Salvation Army [accessed 20 August 2011] Human trafficking
(also referred to as trafficking in persons or TIP) is an umbrella term used
to describe the process by which millions of people become enslaved each
year. Each year millions
of human beings are subjected to the trafficking process and find themselves exploited in settings such as brick kilns,
sweatshops, chicken farms, cocoa plantations, mines, fisheries, rock
quarries, or for compulsory participation in public works or military
service, as well as a variety of other settings. Countless others,
predominately women and female children, but also boys, are trafficked into
the commercial sex industry where they are used in forms of commercial sexual
exploitation like prostitution, pornography, and nude dancing. Some are sold
as "brides." Trafficking in
persons is frequently referred to as modern-day slavery. Slavery is an apt
analogy that shocks and challenges us. Americans in particular are moved by
this comparison. To us, slavery is a sordid, indelible stain on our national
heritage, but nevertheless it is an evil most believe we conquered and
relegated to the history books. However, news media accounts, on-the-ground
intelligence from nongovernmental organizations, and reports from agencies the
U.S. Department of State and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, create a different picture. They reveal the
inescapable truth that trafficking is one of the principle means by which
slavery survives. The size and
pervasiveness of the crime presents a formidable problem, but we fight on
despite the odds. Accordingly, the Salvation Army has established this
website to educate and equip people desiring to engage in this battle against
the exploitation and dehumanization of human beings. Human Trafficking for Forced Labor Might
Exceed Perception Global March International, www.globalmarch.org/news/260407.php [accessed 20 August 2011] Human trafficking
for forced labor might be a greater problem than the more widely known
problem of trafficking for sexual exploitation, says Kristiina Kangaspunta,
the chief of the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit for the U.N. Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC) “We don’t know that
much about forced labor issues,” she acknowledged in an April 26 interview
with USINFO. “We don’t know, but it seems that it might be that
forced labor is a bigger part of the human trafficking than human trafficking
for sexual exploitation.” She cited an enormous number of places that
could absorb the forced labor of men, women and children: restaurants,
hotels, bars, agriculture, domestic and construction work. Interpol Official Discusses Human
Trafficking, Internet Pornography Eugen Tomiuc, Radio Free Europe/Radio www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2003/05/sec-030514-rfel-142137.htm [accessed 20 August 2011] Interview with
Hamish McCulloch, the assistant director of Interpol and the head of the
agency's human-trafficking sub-directorate. He also discusses the problems of
both trafficking and child pornography on the Internet Best Practices to
Address the Demand Side of Sex Trafficking
[PDF] Prof. Donna M. Hughes, www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand_sex_trafficking.pdf [accessed 20 August 2011] This report
describes efforts to address the demand side of sex trafficking. It defines
the demand and describes its different components. It describes laws,
policies, and programs aimed at reducing the demand for prostitution in communities
and entire countries. It includes a
review of research on men’s behavior and attitudes towards prostitution and
researchers’ analyses of men’s behavior and motives to purchase sex acts US decries 'modern-day slavery' BBC News, 12 July, 2001 news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1436329.stm [accessed 20 August 2011] Victims worldwide
"are subjected to threats against their person and family, violence,
horrific living conditions and dangerous workplaces," the report
says. They end up working as cheap
labour, some on construction sites, others in clothing factories and many in
brothels. US Secretary of
State Colin Powell called the practice an "abomination against
humanity" and said The Myth of the Migrant Kerry Howley, Reason Magazine, December 26,
2007 reason.com/archives/2007/12/26/the-myth-of-the-migrant [accessed 20 August 2011] reason: What do you make
of the State Department's claim that 800,000 people are trafficked each year? Agustín: Numbers like this
are fabricated by defining trafficking in an extremely broad way to take in
enormous numbers of people. The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in
Persons is using the widest possible definition, which assumes that any
woman who sells sex could not really want to, and, if she crossed a national
border, she was forced. The numbers are
egregious partly because the research is cross-cultural. The reason: Is there a
legitimate core of abuses that need to be addressed? Agustín: Some conscientious
people talk about trafficking as applicable to men, transsexuals, or anyone
you like, no matter what kind of work they do, when things go very wrong
during a migration. When migrants are charged egregious amounts of money they
can't possibly pay back, for example. However, we've reached the point in
this cultural madness where most people mean specifically women
who sell sex when they use the word "trafficking." They usually
mean women working inside brothels. reason: So there is an
attempt to conflate the terms prostitution and trafficking? Agustín: There is a
definite effort to conflate the terms in a stream of feminism I call
"fundamentalist feminism." These feminists believe there is a
single definition of Woman, and that sexual experience is key to a woman's
life, soul, self-definition. This particular group
has tried to say that prostitution is not only by definition exploitation but
is trafficking. It's bizarre but they are maintaining that. |